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Note 9. Stockholders’ Equity

Common Stock

On June 21, 2016, the Company issued 2,500,000 shares valued at $400,000 and made a cash payment of $400,000 to a warrant holder in exchange for the buyback of 13,451,611 warrants.  The Company re-valued the fair value of the warrants on the buyback date which equaled $594,000 and accordingly, the Company recorded an expense associated with the buyback of $206,000.

On July 31, 2016, the Company issued 500,000 shares to two IR firms for services.  200,000 shares were issued for services under a six month contract with a value of $30,000. 300,000 shares were issued for services under a one year contract with a value of $45,000.  The Company recorded a prepaid for the value of the services and is amortizing over the respective service periods.

Warrants

A summary of the Company’s warrant activity during the six months ended October 31, 2016 is presented below:

On June 24, 2016, the Company issued 2,500,000 shares and a cash payment of $400,000 to a warrant holder in exchange for 13,451,611 warrants as discussed above.

On August 31, 2016, the Company announced that it had closed on a $3 million credit line with its largest shareholder. The Company paid a 2% origination fee of $60,000 and issued 750,000 common-stock warrants at an exercise price of $0.20 per share, which are redeemable by the Company if the closing price of its common stock averages at least $0.25 per share for 10 consecutive trading days.

Stock Incentive Plan and Stock Option Grants to Employees and Directors

Immediately following the closing of the Reverse Merger, on March 13, 2012, the Company adopted the 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) that provides for the grant of 9,300,000 shares, 14,300,000 effective July 2014, 16,300,000 effective September 2014, 20,300,000 effective November 2015 and 25,300,000 effective June 2016, in the form of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, restricted shares, stock appreciation rights and restricted stock units to employees, consultants, officers and directors. As of October 31, 2016, there were 3,102,021 shares remaining under the Plan for future issuance. The Company estimates the fair value of share-based compensation utilizing the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which is dependent upon several variables such as the expected option term, expected volatility of the Company’s stock price over the expected term, expected risk-free interest rate over the expected option term, expected dividend yield rate over the expected option term, and an estimate of expected forfeiture rates. The Company believes this valuation methodology is appropriate for estimating the fair value of stock options granted to employees and directors which are subject to ASC Topic 718 requirements. These amounts are estimates and thus may not be reflective of actual future results, nor amounts ultimately realized by recipients of these grants. The Company recognizes compensation on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each award. The following table summarizes the assumptions the Company utilized to record compensation expense for stock options granted to employees during the six months ended October 31, 2016 and 2015.

The Company utilized the simplified method to estimate the expected life for stock options granted to employees. The simplified method was used as the Company does not have sufficient historical data regarding stock option exercises. The expected volatility is based on the average of the expected volatilities from the most recent audited financial statements available for comparative public companies that are deemed to be similar in nature to the Company. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yields with terms equivalent to the expected life of the related option at the time of the grant. Dividend yield is based on historical trends. While the Company believes these estimates are reasonable, the compensation expense recorded would increase if the expected life was increased, a higher expected volatility was used, or if the expected dividend yield increased.

A summary of the Company’s stock option activity for employees and directors during the six months ended October 31, 2016, is presented below:

On May 19, 2016, the Company granted to each of its eight non-employee directors 150,000 five-year stock options. The Company granted an additional 50,000 five-year stock options to the chairman of the Compensation Committee and to the chairman of the Audit Committee.  These options are exercisable at $0.16 and vest in three years.  For the directors receiving 150,000, the fair value was approximately $7,500 per grant and for the two directors receiving 200,000 options, the fair value on the date of grant was approximately $10,000.

On June 23, 2016, the Company granted 2,000,000 stock options to the Chief Operating Officer, 700,000 stock options to the Chief Academic Officer and 300,000 to the Chief Financial Officer. The five-year options are exercisable at a price of $0.166 and vest over three years. On the date of grant, the grant to the Chief Operating Officer had a fair value of approximately $100,000, the grant to the Chief Academic Officer had a fair value of approximately $35,000 and the grant to the Chief Financial Officer had a fair value of approximately $15,000.

As of October 31, 2016, there was approximately $583,000 of unrecognized compensation costs related to nonvested share-based compensation arrangements. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.7 years.

The Company recorded compensation expense of $157,335 for the six months ended October 31, 2016 in connection with employee stock options. The Company recorded compensation expense of $128,987 for the six months ended October 31, 2015 in connection with employee stock options.

On September 12, 2016, the Company extended approximately 5 million options that were expiring in 2017.  The new expiration dates were extended three years.  The cost associated with these extensions is approximately $150,000, which represents the difference between the fair value of the options before the modification and the fair value immediately after the modification.  These extended options will vest over the next three years.  

Stock Option Grants to Non-Employees

There were no stock options granted to non-employees during six months ended October 31, 2016 and 2015. The Company recorded no compensation expense for the six months ended October 31, 2016 in connection with non-employee stock options. There was no unrecognized compensation cost at October 31, 2016.

A summary of the Company's stock option activity for non-employees during the six months ended October 31, 2016, is presented below: